Understanding the Critical Points of a Car Lease

While there are a number of benefits associated with leasing a car, there are also some critical points to keep in mind before ever signing one's name on the dotted line of a lease contract. A few elements of the technical jargon the owners of the vehicle may spew out at lessees may be so confusing that the customer walks away without a car or gets more than he or she bargained for. In times like this, it is critical that the person entering the lease understands the most critical points of a car lease and what each particular section means.

Statement of Disclosure
It is a Federal law that all vehicle leases have some sort of a statement of disclosure. There are also a variety of sub-categories that are required to be covered in the lease agreement. This way, the lessee knows exactly what he or she is dealing with, and from there can decide whether or not a particular lease agreement is a good deal or not. The statement of disclosure is the one part of the car lease that outlines elements such as how much the monthly payments will be, how much money is due upon signing, a statement about the penalties of early termination, an explanation about penalties related to wear and tear, and many other factors that essentially outline payments and other information about the vehicle.

Insurance Requirements
The next element of a car lease is the section devoted to insurance requirements. In a typical lease contract, one will see that there is a specific amount of coverage the lessee must carry in order to lease that particular vehicle. In most cases, companies would like to see those who enter into a vehicle lease carry $100,000 for death or liability insurance, $300,000 per occurrence, a property damage policy of $50,000 and no more than $500 for comprehensive and collision insurance.

Penalties for Damages
If the leased vehicle incurs too much wear and tear or is excessively damaged, there are often significant monetary penalties that the lessee must pay. This is because car dealerships expect the vehicle to be returned to them at the end of the leasing period with no more than an estimated amount of normal wear and tear. Anything considered to be above normal may be subject to inspection and immediate requirement of payment from the lessee. If the car is stolen, there is a fee for that as well, unless the lessee has gap coverage on the vehicle.

Penalties for Too Much Mileage
If the person leasing the vehicle drives it too often and puts an excessive amount of miles on the vehicle, he or she will be required to pay a significant monetary penalty to compensate for the mileage placed on the car.

Early Termination
Lessees who break the car lease agreement before the lease period is up may also be subject to a certain amount of monetary penalties including fines and fees for backing out of the contract early. This is generally the most damaging factor in a car lease.

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Understanding Shear Stability

ByTudor M Ratiu

For any lubricant to be useful it must remain stable while in use. For example, if equipment requires a specific viscosity for effective operation, the ability of a lubricant to retain its designed viscosity is one measure of stability. One of the elements that can break this stability is the natural stress or shear that occurs within a fluid during use. Lubricants must retain shear stability to remain effective at lubricating and protecting equipment.

Shear stability refers to a lubricant's ability to resist shear. Generally, shear occurs when one layer of a fluid begins to move in a direction different from another layer of that same fluid. For example, where two components are separated by a lubricant, such as a piston and cylinder, some of the lubricant film would naturally move in the direction of the piston. The lubricant layer in contact with the cylinder would begin to shear away from the lubricant layer in contact with the piston. This is known as the shear point. This resulting shear can reduce lubricant viscosity; loss of fluid viscosity can occur from conditions known as temporary or permanent shear.

Temporary shear occurs when long viscosity index improver molecules align themselves in the direction of the stress or flow. This alignment generates less resistance and allows a reduction in fluid viscosity. Yet, when the stress is removed, the molecules return to their random arrangement and the temporary loss in viscosity is recovered.

Permanent shear occurs when shear stress ruptures long molecules and converts them into shorter, lower-weight molecules. The shortened, lighter molecules offer less resistance to flow, which minimizes their ability to maintain viscosity.

Mechanical activity within an engine creates shearing forces that can negatively affect a lubricant's protective viscosity. Even base stocks that provide consistent viscosity through a wide temperature range (high natural viscosity index) are susceptible to shearing forces that reduce viscosity and load-carrying ability. Engines operating at high RPM and those that share a common oil sump with the transmission, like many motorcycles, experience high shear rates.

Viscosity Index improvers used in multi-viscosity oils can shear back when subjected to the combination of high operating temperatures and shearing actions found in modern engines. Permanent shearing of VI improvers can result in piston ring sticking (due to deposit formation), increased oil consumption and accelerated equipment wear. Some VI improvers are significantly more shear stable than others. Although the type of base stock used and the intended application determines the need for VI improvers, many synthetic stocks may not require them at all as they are naturally multi-grade.

Because VI improvers can be subject to shear conditions, formulating an oil using little or no VI improvers can be advantageous. In addition to the problems caused by shear stability, VI improvers' quality varies dramatically and cannot always be easily determined.

When comparing oils, small differences in shear stability indicate a significant drop in performance (all other things being equal).

The High Temperature/High Shear Test simulates shearing conditions at elevated temperatures. The viscosity of the oil is measured at 150